Explain the Language production in detail

Name               : Mela Lesdiana

Class                : 5 Evening

Subject             : Phsycolinguistic

Question          : Explain the Language production in detail

Answer            :

Explain the Language production in detail

Language production is the production of spoken or written language. The basic process of the language production is first, people input the information to the brain hemispheres. Second, brain manage and filter the information and then give instruction to the mouth to speak. For more complete of language production process there is a concept which is made become formulation which is studied in left brain that out articulation and then the right brain monitoring.

Someone can produce the language when they have an idea she or he puts into words and utterances, then someone else hears the sound, recognize the words, and understand the speaker’s intent.

The study of how human beings produce language is called Articulatory Phonetics. Talk about language production, certainly we know that we speak in language by producing the sound which have meaning. The tolls of produce sound are called speech organs. It will explain more as follows;
Speech Organs
There are three kinds of speech organs, they are;

Ø Initiator
Initiator is the speech organ that sets the air into motion for the production of speech sound; the main initiator is the lungs, because most speech sounds are produced by pulmonic air.

Ø Phonator
Phonator refers to the vocal cords in the larynx, which are used to produce speech sound called ‘voice’ The vocal cords are two elastic membranes situated horizontally in the larynx which can be made to assume various positions.

Ø Articulator
The speech organs that are used to obstruct the out-going air in the production of speech sound are called ‘articulators’. There are two kinds of articulators; they are movable and unmovable articulators.
The movable articulators are, for instance, the lips, the tongue, the uvula, and the vocal cords. While the unmovable articulators are, for instance the teeth, the teeth ridge, and the hard palate.

The main thing to produce the speech sound is oxygen. It’s impossible if we don’t have oxygen, we will not breathe and it means we are death. As a student who get a language as the main study object, we have to know that how the language is produced.
Generally, producing language is concerned with the transformation of aerodynamic energy into acoustics energy. Aerodynamic energy refers to the airflow through the vocal tract. In vocal tract does kinetic form, it produces air pressure that can be represented as sound waves.
The way of producing language will explain more, as follows;

1. The brain process the message that we will say,
Message can be get from the other speaker (bottom up), and can be get from our self/our main (top down)

2. The speech organs produce the sound;
Oxygen is main thing to produce the speech sound. It can be explained that we need oxygen to breath every time to biological needs.
When we breathe restfully, the air goes in and out uninterruptedly, there is no speech sound is produced. Speech sound produced only when there are some interruptions of the out-going air.

The series of producing language will explain as follows;

1. The first step
The lung takes in air through nose,

2. The second step
The lung restrains air to take out through nose.

3. The third step
When the lung is restraining air to take out through nose, the articulators work to make certain sound that we want to sound (the process of the working articulators to produce the certain speech sound is explained in “phonology”)

4. The fourth step
After the articulators produce the sound, the lung take out air through nose, then back to the first step.

THE ASPECT OF PRODUCING LANGUAGE,

Fluency is the aspect in producing language. It can be defined in part by prosody, which is shown by a smooth intonation contour, and a number of other elements: control of speech rate, relative timing of stressed and unstressed syllables, changes in amplitude, and changes in fundamental frequency.

THE RESEARCH INTO PRODUCING LANGUAGE

There are two main types of research into speech production. One type focuses on using the analysis of speech errors. The other looks at reaction-time data from picture-naming latencies. Although originally disparate, these two methodologies are generally looking at the same underlying processes of speech production.
Speech errors
Analysis of speech errors has found that not all are random, but rather systematic and fall into several categories. Speech errors are relatively infrequent in occurrence (around 1 / 1000 words) and are categorized as follows:
1. Anticipation: The word is in the speaker's mind and ready to be spoken, but the speaker says it too quickly. This could be because the speaker is planning and holding words in their mind. 
2. Preservation: The word retains characteristics of a word said previously in a sentence: 
Taddle Tennis (instead of Paddle Tennis) 
3. Blending: More than one word is being considered and the two intended items "blend" into a single item, perhaps implying the speaker is waffling between a few word options. 
The child is looking to be spaddled (instead of spanked or paddled) 
4. Addition: adding of linguistics material, resulting in words like immpossible. 
5. Substitution: a whole word of related meaning is replacing another. These errors can be far apart from another, or target words, and are generally grammatically consistent and accurate. 
at low speed it's too light (instead of heavy) 
6.Spoonerism: switching the letters from words.
For example, the phrase slips of the tongue could become tips of the slung.

Why is public speaking useful for STBA student

Why is public speaking useful for STBA student

Assalamualikum, wr.wb.

Good evening everyone before i began the topic First of all, lets pray and thanks unto our god ALLAH SWT who has been giving us some mercies and blessings so we can attend and gather in this place in good condition and happy situation.

Secondly, may peace and salutation always be given to our prophet MUHAMMAD SAW.

Standing in front of you all, i would like to deliver my speech under the tittle “ Why is public speaking useful for STBA student”

Public speaking, is one important skill that should be owned by every person to be able to build a successful career. A research has shown that most companies make public speaking skills as the ultimate criterion in assessing prospective job applicants in the company.

Moreover, in the present, knowledge is not everything to achieve success. People with higher education will not always be easily accepted to work in a company, if he is not able to communicate well in public.

you need to know, we often do public speaking in living everyday life, even by the students STBA though. Express opinions in the meeting, told friends around, and presentation to the class, that is a few examples of the application of public speaking.

Public speaking is not a capability that we can learn without enough practice. To develop their public speaking skills well, we need experience in public speaking.  Clearly,  what I said it is all important for STBA students because after we graduated in STBA we can find the new world with higher propession.

I believe you’r all have great motivation for get the target. So, you should be able to public speaking that was i said. If you have professional speaking trust me, you can get your target.

Thats all my speech, i do hope my speech will be usefull in our life. Thank you.

THE THEME ANALYSIS OF THE IMITATION GAME

THE THEME ANALYSIS OF THE IMITATION GAME

“The different character in every human if we combine we can get the unpredictable success”

1.     Introductory Paragraph

This movie story tell  about Alan Turing. He is genius British mathematician, cryptologist, and computer scientist who led the Bletchley Park team that cracked the German Enigma Code. Helping the Allies to anticipate enemy attacks and eventually win WWII. It is estimated that breaking Enigma shortened the war by two years and saved approximately 14 million lives. in the other hand Alan turing had homosexsual acts, which at that time the country deemed illegal. As an alternative to imprisonment, Turing was fed hormonal drugs as a form of chemical castration for his “predilections,” causing his body to break down and his exceptional brain to falter. the government kept secret his work at Bletchley Park while for 50 years.

2.     Body Paragraph 1 (Alan turing’s genius)

-         First evidence (rejection idea)

Opening explanation

Based application filed by alan turing to the commander denniston which mentions several alan turing expertise in application for secret program vacancy. He is the mathematician was achieved in King’s College, Cambridge. Only alan turing who had the idea to building a machine. At first the idea was rejected by huge and commander denniston because spend cost so much. Alan isn’t satisfied with decision of the commander denniston, finally he filed compliant to commander officer of denniston.

Quotation

00:22:15,511 --> 00:22:19,148

Hugh Alexander is in charge of your unit.

He said no, and that is that.

00:22:19,448 --> 00:22:21,504

I simply don't have time for this.

00:22:42,971 --> 00:22:45,775

Who is your commanding officer?

00:22:46,875 --> 00:22:51,046

Winston Churchill, Number 10

Downing Street, London, SW1.

00:22:51,146 --> 00:22:55,050

You have a problem with my decision,

you can take it up with him.

Closing explanation

This evidence clearly showed Alan’s ingenious. A rejection idea should be rack one’s brains for the building the mechine. Finally Alan turing sent message to commander officer of denniston and two person of his team fired because they only understand german language. After his fired 2 person alan’s team lack of staff and alan open vacancy using crossword puzzles in return mysterious job. As alan idea he would like to building the mechine and his team should understood strategi crossword puzzles. Because the mechine using cristograph who maybe very difficult for other.

-          Second evidence (Building the mechine)

Opening explanation

After preparing the theory and materials, Alan and his team started to build the mechine. In the middle building the mechine Alan and his taem got some trouble. This true story isn’t easy who can imagine, there are some conflict between his team. In the first time Hugh as an in charge but after Alan was sent letter to Winston churchill, finally Alan become leader in charge in his team. The mechine spending a lot of money and make commander denniston become don’t believe. This conflict explained in the quotation below;

Quotation

00:54:44,291 --> 00:54:49,161

Please! Please! No! No. No!

00:54:52,199 --> 00:54:57,605

Well, then, it seems that your great big

expensive machine doesn't work.

00:54:58,872 --> 00:55:01,375

- It does.

- Wonderful.

00:55:01,475 --> 00:55:03,353

So, you've broken Enigma, then?

00:55:03,878 --> 00:55:05,818

It was just...

00:55:06,614 --> 00:55:09,049

still working.

00:55:09,449 --> 00:55:11,318

This is my associate

from the Home Office.

00:55:12,018 --> 00:55:15,322

You see, a hundred thousand pounds

is rather a lot of money,

00:55:15,422 --> 00:55:17,992

and he's here to see

what you have to show for it.

00:55:18,092 --> 00:55:21,388

You... will never understand

00:55:21,488 --> 00:55:25,852

the importance

of what I am creating here!

Closing explanation

Well, maybe only Alan turing who known the mechine will work, some people from the movie doesn’t understant what he created. As a commander denniston said that “breaking enigma is imposible”. So that from the begining commander denniston doubted ability of Alan turing. Alan’s struggle and genius get a big result. The result will explain in the third evidence;

-          Third evidence (The mechine work)

Opening explanation

Alan’s struggle to solving problems enigma intercepted a coded. He tried hard with his team for months and in the end while in the café Hugh asks Alan to get acquainted with the woman who named Helen. In the middle of the discussion Helen said that she have a boyfriend from Germany and every day he sand message to Helen starting with the five letter C-I-L-L-Y might be Helen thought it is call sweetie. However, Alan is different to think and suddenly he running to Bletchley Park. And in the end he can resolved problems enigma intercepted.

Quotation

01:13:32,251 --> 01:13:35,536

Why do you think your German counterpart

has a girlfriend?

01:13:35,636 --> 01:13:39,081

- It's just a stupid joke, don't worry.

- No, no, no, no. Tell me.

01:13:40,159 --> 01:13:42,663

Well, each of his messages

begins with the same five letters:

01:13:42,763 --> 01:13:47,154

C-I-L-L-Y. So, I suspect that Cilly

must be the name of his amore.

01:13:47,254 --> 01:13:50,413

But that's impossible. The Germans

are instructed to use five random letters

01:13:50,513 --> 01:13:53,272

- at the start of every message.

- Well, this bloke doesn't.

01:13:53,872 --> 01:13:56,642

Love will make a man do

strange things, I suppose.

Closing explanation

After the enigma code has been resolved, Alan and his team back to University and burn all related to document that mechine. Everything just to solve the enigma code and to win the war. The code had not solved at before for some countries. His team is glad with Alan’s invention, it’s very astonished. After that code solved, Alan’s team save more than thousand people.

3.      Body Paragraph 2 (Hugh Alexander’s angry)

-          First evidence (Alan’s machine)

Opening explanation

Based on the story of the imitation game, he is angry man. Every day he is always angry to break enigma code if he could not get it. When he tried to break enigma code and Alan suggested him to create new machine, it could not work well. So, he was angry to Alan because Alan could not cooperate with other. Actually he is very smart about everything including to being a winner of Chees twice in the world. At one time, the commander Deningston introduced Huge to the team that he was a winner of Chees. Commander Deningston introduced Huge because of he was clever of strategy. Therefore, he was recruited to joint his team to break enigma code.

Quotation

00:39:24,672 --> 00:39:26,409

Damn it!

00:39:28,476 --> 00:39:29,960

What just happened?

00:39:30,060 --> 00:39:33,747

Midnight, all the work

we've done today is useless.

00:40:06,614 --> 00:40:09,817

Damn you and your useless machine.

00:40:09,940 --> 00:40:13,387

My machine is how we are going to win.

00:40:13,487 --> 00:40:14,899

Really?

00:40:15,290 --> 00:40:16,935

This machine?

00:40:17,825 --> 00:40:20,395

Are you talking about

this bloody machine?!

00:40:20,495 --> 00:40:22,530

- Hugh! Hugh! Hugh, don't!

- Hugh! Hugh! Stop!

Closing explanation

The statement above clearly that Hugh has angry character. Hugh did not want the machine useless but Hugh wanted to the machine could break enigma code quickly. Hugh was so fed up because of Alan was arrogant for the other. Alan did not want work cooperatively with the other because he felt more than smart with the other. Therefore Hugh was furious, work working until midnight but did not get results. His anger by throw or slam something in the front of him. Clearly he was very angry in the role of the story.

-          Second evidence (Forbid to call denniston)

Opening explanation

After they break enigma code, they could know strategy war of enemy. Every single message of NAZI has break by them and they could change war strategy with contingency plane. At that time they found one of British passenger convoy will be attack by enemy. Suddenly Hugh and his team have panic and one of them suggest to called commander denniston to send air support over that convoy, but Alan forbid to call commander denniston. Then, Hugh was angry and hit Alan because of Alan forbid to call commander denniston.

Quotation

01:20:04,476 --> 01:20:06,994

- Hugh! Hugh! That's enough! That's enough!

- Stop, Hugh!

01:20:07,094 --> 01:20:08,447

John, the attack is in minutes.

01:20:10,282 --> 01:20:13,807

Yes, no, I'm fine, I'm fine. I'm fine.

01:20:15,153 --> 01:20:18,358

You know why people like violence, Hugh?

01:20:18,657 --> 01:20:21,226

It's because it feels good.

Closing explanation

The evidence above clearly that Hugh Alexander has angry character. Actually he angry only to Alan because of Alan has arrogant character. Hugh also has an important role in the story because Hugh smart to decision strategy. Refer to the Alan statement “you know why people like violence, it’s because it feels good”. When Hugh hit Alan that is look like feels good. So, Hugh could say a little bad boy. Those proved that Hugh has temperament.

4.      Body Paragraph 3 (Joan Clarke’s disappointed)

-          First evidence (Mysterious job )

Opening explanation

She is new comer after two persons fired by Alan, she get the mysterious job after she finished crossword puzzle. In the beginning she has very happy because she can finished the test of crossword puzzle. She is smart because she can finish under six minutes. Joan Clarke’s disappointed began appear after she known her job no area woman. She known in the Bletchley Park is men area. Therefore, she want not join that vacancy. Clearly she is not coming at that time and Alan hurry up to go to Joan’s house. Alan tried to explain her job in Bletchley Park later.

Quotation

00:35:25,467 --> 00:35:28,803

to work in a radio factory

so far from home,

00:35:28,903 --> 00:35:32,990

with all your men... it would be...

00:35:33,941 --> 00:35:35,277

indecorous.

00:35:36,978 --> 00:35:40,105

What in the world does that even mean?

00:35:44,485 --> 00:35:46,388

We have a group of young ladies

00:35:46,488 --> 00:35:50,959

who tend to all of our clerical tasks:

assistants, translators.

00:35:51,359 --> 00:35:54,309

They live together in town.

00:35:54,409 --> 00:35:57,666

Would that be a more

suitable environment?

00:35:58,166 --> 00:36:01,737

So, I would be working

amongst these women?

00:36:01,837 --> 00:36:03,353

Yes.

Closing explanation

From Joan’s disappointed Alan tried to explain her job later. Finally she wants to join but she wants to work with ladies. She is daughter from her parent, basically her parents hard to give permit. But accordance with Alan’s speak who is make convincing, finally her parents give permit. She is going to Bletchley Park with group of woman. Basically in the beginning she felt disappointed but after she known about her job finally she want to join.

-          Second evidence (Alan’s laying)

Opening explanation

After Joan join Alan’s team, she get letter from her parents that she should looking for fiancé. She felt sad because her parents hopefully for her get married. Alan tried to calm her feeling with asked her for fiancé. Joan has feeling happy with Alan but, Alan has meant itself just only support to break enigma code. Therefore, after Alan and his team could break enigma code. Alan tried to explain with Joan that he laying to her because he is Homosexual illness. Joan’s disappointed appeared when Alan gave her statement above.

Quotation

01:32:46,537 --> 01:32:49,540

I have something to tell you.

01:32:49,640 --> 01:32:51,388

I'm...

01:32:54,078 --> 01:32:55,748

I'm a homosexual.

01:32:58,716 --> 01:32:59,818

01:34:47,625 --> 01:34:50,395

You know what, they were right.

01:34:50,795 --> 01:34:54,165

Peter, Hugh, John.

01:34:56,501 --> 01:34:58,126

You really are a monster.

Closing explanation

Clearly she felt disappointed twice, first is mysterious job and the second is Alan’s lying. It is really tragic about her relation because of Alan and his machine. Alan only drive at prevent her to don’t go out in Bletchley Park just only support to break enigma code. At that time Joan felt angry and disappointed and a slap Alan. Joan who has beautiful face still felt disappointed. But, after in the end the story Joan Clark have a new fiancé. So if there is a man hurt a women he same like a monster.

5.      Concluding Paragraph 

The concluding which I created accordance with some factors the character. The first is Alan Turing, he is genius man who has excellent brain. The second is Hugh, he is angry man but has clever idea for war strategy. The third is Joan Clark, she is beautiful woman and smart woman but her love unfortunately. When those character it combine will be unpredictable success. From this story I got statement from Alan turing “sometimes it is the people who no one imagines anything, who do the things that no one imagines”. From that statement we can summarize that the different character in every human must we respects because it is value for us.

COMPOSITION - THE CAUSES THAT MAKE PERSON BECOME SMARTPHONE ADDICTION

PART ONE

INTRODUCTION

Today, an awful lot of several brands of the latest mobile phones offer facilities that support us becoming in cyberspace. Everyone is competes to install applications like social media. Then, someone who plays with a smartphone for more than seven hours can be called as the smartphone addiction. Starting from not confident with themselves until personal problems could lead to someone being a smartphone addiction.

PART TWO

THE CAUSES THAT MAKE PERSON BECOME SMARTPHONE ADDICTION

This writing will discuss about the cause of smartphone addiction and how to cure smartphone addiction. What made them become smartphone addiction?  There are 3 causes that make a person become a smartphone addiction.

1)      Not Confident with Themselves

Not confident with themselves can be interpreted as a lack of trust yourself when dealing with someone in the real world. Not confident cause they pulled away in the community. This became beginning of dependence on a smartphone. They focus on social media that they install on their smartphone. For example on one of the social media that support their confidence in cyberspace is instagram. Someone who has instagram account can upload photos of them. On instagram becomes the only place they can be free and more confident.

2)      Personal Problems

As a human surely cannot be runway from a variety of problems. For some people, these problems can make their lives meaningful but some people doesn’t think like that

. The problems that incessant often need something to ‘’leaned’’ and smartphone is one of them. For instance, a student of college who has a lot of assignment and she felt depressed because of that assignment, she is tired and try to not think about it then she concern themselves with playing games, selfie , check out their social media etc in the smartphone. If it is in lets, it will can make the student become smartphone addiction because she makes the smartphone as a means of ‘’entertainment’’.

3)      Interesting applications that are offered

Smartphone is not smartphone name when it is not smart to get someone’s attention.

One of example of a smartphone is the smartphone based android system that offers the attractive applications such as games, social media, photography application and that all applications easily installed. Everyone interested to install applications and start to use it. The interesting thing makes them oblivious of the real world that they got. They prefer to spend time with their smartphone and do not choose to socialize with friend nearby. That way they become anti social and a smartphone addiction.